Both similarities and differences exist between the TCP/IP protocol stack and the OSI reference model. Similarities between the TCP/IP protocol stack and the OSI reference model include the following:
■ Both have application layers, though they include different services.
■ Both have comparable transport and network layers.
■ Both assume packet-switched technology, not circuit-switched. (Analog telephone calls are an example of circuit-switched technology.)
The differences that exist between the TCP/IP protocol stack and the OSI reference model include the following:
■ TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layers into its application layer.
■ TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the network access layer.
TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the Internet developed, so the TCP/IP protocol stack gains credibility just because of its protocols. In contrast, networks are not typically built on the OSI reference model, even though the OSI reference model is used as a guide.
■ TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layers into its application layer.
■ TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the network access layer.
TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the Internet developed, so the TCP/IP protocol stack gains credibility just because of its protocols. In contrast, networks are not typically built on the OSI reference model, even though the OSI reference model is used as a guide.
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